Originally posted by [i]weili[/i] at 2009-5-27 12:08 PM:
GREAT BRITAIN'S QUEER MONUMENT TO CAPTAIN COOKWhen I digressed from my personal narrative to write about Cook's death I left myself, solitary, hungry and dreary, smoking in the little warehouse..
kayak到 Captain Cook Monument 。 那儿是Snorkeling最好的地方。 水特别的清， 不用Snorkeling也可以看到鱼， 海参， 海星，库克船长就是在那儿死去的。 据说那块地属于UK。 库克船长的故事很有趣。他很高， 6‘4， 开始把他当神， 最后将他杀了。
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Captain Cook Monument
Location - Approx. 20 miles South of Kailua-Kona.
Water Entry / Exit -Load up your kayak before entering the water. Kayak to Captain Cook andbeach your gear in the small cove to the west of the monument. Walkdown the lava rocks into the calm waters. You can also jump off of thewall next to the monument, but make sure you jump out so you do not hit the rocks immediately below. For more details, photos, and tips, visit our Captain Cook page.
Snorkel Route- Turn east towards the monument as you enter the water. The bestsnorkeling is the area in front of and east of the monument. TheseHawaiian waters are crystal clear with 100 ft. visibility. You will seelots of colorful fish. The vibrant reef stretches out to beyond 80 feet in depth. Investigate the drop off at 30 ft. depth not far from the shore.
Extras- Crystal clear water; shaded area for picnic; historic monument;abundance of sea life; possible sea turtle sightings; shallow reefoffers excellent snorkeling conditions; free-diving excellent too.
Originally posted by [i]weili[/i] at 2009-6-16 07:14 PM:
水火交融，夏威夷大岛国家火山公园奇观夏威夷大岛国家火山公园，是世界最活跃的活火山群所在地。或许因为这里居住的夏威夷火山女神Pele心地善良的关系。火山群总是一年四季，不分昼夜温和地迎接着她的子民的祭..
我刚在大岛呆了8天。
因为离火山近， 在Hino（总是下雨的）这边住了3晚。木房子掩映在热带雨林里，清晨总是在鸟的歌声中醒来的。 然后搬到了西边阳光明媚的Kailua-Kona住了5天。这张是我住的地方的二楼阳台. 我早上在那儿喝茶, 看书, 写明信片, 听鸟叫和海浪。
照了很多非常漂亮的照片。 等有空了来写。对了我还去了农贸市场。 木瓜很便宜， 吃了很多。买了一个1.5磅的avocado， 一直没熟也没机会吃。 想偷渡到加州， 但被机场的 X-Ray 照出来了， 灰溜溜的丢在垃圾筒了！
谢谢露西顶线。
关于夏威夷，我开了几条照片线，一会儿给你连接。
请你帮我看看这篇游记。[url] http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=13554.html [/url]
我会再加2千字，写火山、海啸。
另，露西你的照片太好。请另开线，放入你的文集或博克，以后好查找。:smile:
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
面对可能发生的海啸 夏威夷希洛市准备好了吗？
国际在线报道(记者 钟秋)：在美国夏威夷岛上的希洛市，居民和游人们每天都沉醉在碧海蓝天或是骤雨彩虹之中，生活悠闲自得。但在一些老人的内心深处，上世纪发生在希洛的那两场海啸仍然如恶梦一般，时刻惊扰着他们的回忆。也许他们这辈子再也不会遇到海啸，但有一个问题一直令他们放心不下：面对可能发生的海啸，希洛准备好了吗？子孙们准备好了吗？
这个嘈杂的声音来自美国太平洋海啸预警中心。一旦太平洋海底或浅海发生地震，警报声便提醒科学家们尽快对地震波形进行分析，判断地震是否可能引发海啸。如果可能，科学家们将及时向太平洋地区各个可能受影响的国家和地区发布警报。那么，有关国家或地区在接到警报之后该如何做呢？
太平洋海啸预警中心主任查尔斯·麦克里里告诉记者，"事实上，接下来，是否该给公众发布海啸警报，是否应当进行人员撤离都是由各国地方当局自主决定的。预警只是其一，关键在于应对计划。"
麦克里里所说的应对计划正是饱受海啸威胁的希洛市正在筹备的。市长哈里·金回忆说，在1975年希洛遭受海啸侵袭之后，希洛就出台了一整套海啸应急计划，明确各个部门和人员的职责。其中包括，由谁来发布警报，谁来组织人员疏散，向哪里疏散人员以及怎样疏散等等。
事实上，美国在指导公众避灾方面一直采取政府与民间协作的方式。通常情况下，地方政府的应急机制必须在接到海啸警报后15分钟内启动，并开始向安全地区疏散群众，相关的政府官员都要接受专门的训练。
但哈里·金还是十分担心，一旦警报响起，有人会好奇地去海边观看，也有人可能不服从撤离安排。
"世界上最难的工作也许要数在公众与政府间建立信任了。最近，美国西海岸的一部分州接到海啸警报，但最终没有发生海啸。一名警长就曾经对我说，海啸预警中心小题大做，其实根本不用撤离。当地居民也认同警长的看法。那么我要问，如果下次真有海啸发生，当地居民会听谁的？这就是现实。"
哈里·金感叹说，1946年和1975年发生在希洛的两场海啸令人印象深刻，但幸存者们要么相继过世、要么搬离了此地，似乎没有多少人记得这些历史了。为了时刻提醒人们潜在的危险，希洛市在学校设置专门课程，进行海啸防灾演习；经常在当地媒体上刊登文章，讲述海啸的危害以及如何防护；并募集资金筹建了太平洋海啸博物馆。
在太平洋海啸博物馆内，一位年过古稀的解说员正在讲述她如何躲避海啸灾难的故事。这位名叫内间的女士是1946年希洛海啸的幸存者，时隔半个世纪，她想起海啸时的场景仍然觉得后怕，甚至至今都不敢去聆听海浪的声音。但是她告诉记者，经历过一场海啸之后，她感觉自己有责任将海啸的危险告诉所有人，因此海啸博物馆一成立，她就来到这里当起了解说员。
"希洛这个地方多发海啸，因此我们必须做好准备。在我看来，了解海啸的危险、传播怎样避难的知识是这里每个居民的责任。"
在希洛的街头，矗立着许多喇叭状的深绿色警报器。据当地人介绍，每个月的第一个星期三是夏威夷人进行防灾演习的日子。遥望海边，海浪平静地涌上沙滩，真心地希望希洛这座美丽的城市不再遭受海啸的侵袭。
[url] http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2005/12/25/401@834800.htm [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
THE GREAT VOLCANO OF KILAUEA
I suppose no man ever saw Niagara for the first time without feeling disappointed. I suppose no man ever saw it the fifth time without wondering how he could ever have been so blind and stupid as to find any excuse for disappointment in the first place. I suppose that any one of nature's most celebrated wonders will always look rather insignificant to a visitor at first, but on a better acquaintance will swell and stretch out and spread abroad, until it finally grows clear beyond his grasp - becomes too stupendous for his comprehension. I know that a large house will seem to grow larger the longer one lives in it, and I also know that a woman who looks criminally homely at a first glance will often so improve upon acquaintance as to become really beautiful before the month is out.
I was disappointed when I saw the great volcano of Kilauea (Ke-low way-ah) to-day for the first time. It is a comfort to me to know that I fully expected to be disappointed, how ever, and so, in one sense at least, I was not disappointed.
As we "raised'' the summit of the mountain and began to canter along the edge of the crater, I heard Brown exclaim, "There's smoke, by George!" (poor infant - as if it were the most surprising thing in the world to see smoke issuing from a volcano), and I turned my head in the opposite direction and began to crowd my imagination down. When I thought I had got it reduced to about the proper degree, I resolutely faced about and came to a dead halt. "Disappointed, anyhow!" I said to myself "Only a considerable hole in the ground - nothing to Haleakala - a wide, level, black plain in the bottom of it, and a few little sputtering jets of fire occupying a place about as large as an ordinary potato-patch, up in one corner - no smoke to amount to any thing. And these 'tremendous' perpendicular walls they talk about, that inclose the crater! they don't amount to a great deal, either; it is a large cellar - nothing more - and precious little fire in it, too." So I soliloquized. But as I gazed, the "cellar" insensibly grew. I was glad of that, albeit I expected it. I am passably good at judging of heights and distances, and I fell to measuring the diameter of the crater. After considerable deliberation I was obliged to confess that it was rather over three miles, though it was hard to believe it at first. It was growing on me, and tolerably fast. And when I came to guess at the clean, solid, perpendicular walls that fenced in the basin, I had to acknowledge that they were from 600 to 800 feet high, and in one or two places even a thousand, though at a careless glance they did not seem more than two or three hundred. The reason the walls looked so low is because the basin inclosed is so large. The place looked a little larger and a little deeper every five minutes, by the watch. And still it was unquestionably small; there was no getting around that. About this time I saw an object which helped to increase the size of the crater. It was a house perched on the extreme edge of the wall, at the far end of the basin, two miles and a half away; it looked like a martin box under the eaves of a cathedral! That wall appeared immensely higher after that than it did before.
I reflected that night was the proper time to view a volcano, and Brown, with one of those eruptions of homely wisdom which rouse the admiration of strangers, but which custom has enabled me to contemplate calmly, said five o'clock was the proper time for dinner, and therefore we spurred up the animals and trotted along the brink of the crater for about the distance it is from the Lick House, in San Francisco, to the Mission, and then found ourselves at the Volcano House.
On the way we passed close to fissures several feet wide and about as deep as the sea, no doubt, and out of some of them steam was issuing. It would be suicidal to attempt to travel about there at night. As we approached the lookout house I have before spoken of as being perched on the wall, we saw some objects ahead which I took for the brilliant white plant called the "silver sword," but they proved to be "buoys" - pyramids of stones painted white, so as to be visible at night, and set up at intervals to mark the path to the lookout house and guard unaccustomed feet from wandering into the abundant chasms that line the way.
By the path it is half a mile from the Volcano House to the lookout-house. After a hearty supper we waited until it was thoroughly dark and then started to the crater. The first glance in that direction revealed a scene of wild beauty. There was a heavy fog over the crater and it was splendidly illuminated by the glare from the fires below. T he illumination was two miles wide and a mile high, perhaps; and if you ever, on a dark night and at a distance beheld the light from thirty or forty blocks of distant buildings all on fire at once, reflected strongly against overhanging clouds, you can form a fair idea of what this looked like.
THE VISION OF HELL AND ITS ANGELS
Arrived at the little thatched look out house, we rested our elbows on the railing in front and looked abroad over the wide crater and down over the sheer precipice at the seething fires beneath us. The view was a startling improvement on my daylight experience. I turned to see the effect on the balance of the company and found the reddest-faced set of men I almost ever saw. In the strong light every countenance glowed like red-hot iron, every shoulder was suffused with crimson and shaded rearward into dingy, shapeless obscurity! The place below looked like the infernal regions and these men like half-cooled devils just come up on a furlough.
I turned my eyes upon the volcano again. The "cellar" was tolerably well lighted up. For a mile and a half in front of us and half a mile on either side, the floor of the abyss was magnificently illuminated; beyond these limits the mists hung down their gauzy curtains and cast a deceptive gloom over all that made the twinkling fires in the remote corners of the crater seem countless leagues re moved - made them seem like the camp-fires of a great army far away. Here was room for the imagination to work! You could imagine those lights the width of a continent away - and that hidden under the intervening darkness were hills, and winding rivers, and weary wastes of plain and desert - and even then the tremendous vista stretched on, and on, and on! - to the fires and far beyond! You could not compass it - it was the idea, of eternity made tangible - and the longest end of it made visible to the naked eye!
The greater part of the vast floor of the desert under us was as black as ink, and apparently smooth and level; but over a mile square of it was ringed and streaked and striped with a thousand branching streams of liquid and gorgeously brilliant fire! It looked like a colossal railroad map of the State of Massachusetts done in chain lightning on a midnight sky. Imagine it - imagine a coal-black sky shivered into a tangled network of angry fire!
Here and there were gleaming holes twenty feet in diameter, broken in the dark crust, and in them the melted lava - the color a dazzling white just tinged with yellow - was boiling and surging furiously; and from these holes branched numberless bright torrents in many directions, like the "spokes" of a lady's fan, and kept a tolerably straight course for a while and then swept round in huge rainbow curves, or made a long succession of sharp worm-fence angles, which looked precisely like the fiercest jagged lightning. These streams met other streams, and they mingled with and crossed and recrossed each other in every conceivable direction, like skate tracks on a popular skating ground. Sometimes streams twenty or thirty feet wide flowed from the holes to some distance without dividing - and through the opera-glasses we could see that they ran down small, steep hills and were genuine cataracts of fire, white at their source but soon cooling and turning to the richest red, grained with alternate lines of black and gold. Every now and then masses of the dark crust broke away and floated slowly down these streams like rafts down a river. Occasionally the molten lava flowing under the superincumbent crust broke through - split a dazzling streak, from five hundred to a thousand feet long, like a sudden flash of lightning, and then acre after acre of the cold lava parted into fragments, turned up edgewise like cakes of ice when a great river breaks up, plunged downward and were swallowed in the crimson cauldron. Then the wide expanse of the "thaw" maintained a ruddy glow for a while, but shortly cooled and be came black and level again. During a "thaw," every dismembered cake was marked by a glittering white border which was superbly shaded inwards by aurora borealis rays, which were a flaming yellow where they joined the white border, and from thence toward their points tapered into glowing crimson, then into a rich, pale carmine, and finally into a faint blush that held its own a moment and then dimmed and turned black. Some of the streams preferred to mingle together in a tangle of fantastic circles, and then they looked something like the confusion of ropes one sees on a ship's deck when she had just taken in sail and dropped anchor - provided one can imagine those ropes on fire.
Through the glasses, the little fountains scattered about looked very beautiful. They boiled, ant coughed, and spluttered, and discharged sprays of stringy red fire - of about the consistency of mush, for instance - from ten to fifteen feet into the air, along with a shower of brilliant white sparks - a quaint and unnatural mingling of gouts of blood and snow flakes!
We had circles and serpents and streaks of lightning all twined and wreathed and tied together, without a break throughout an area more than a mile square (that amount of ground was covered, though it was not strictly "square"), and it was with a feeling of placid exultation that we reflected that many years had elapsed since any visitor had seen such a splendid display - since any visitor had seen anything more than the now snubbed and insignificant "North" and "South" lakes in action. We had been reading old files of Hawaiian newspapers and the "Record Book" at the Volcano House, and were posted.
I could see the North Lake lying out on the black floor away off in the outer edge of our panorama, and knitted to it by a webwork of lava streams. In its individual capacity it looked very little more respectable than a schoolhouse on fire. True, it was about nine hundred feet long and two or three hundred wide, but then, under the present circumstances, it necessarily appeared rather insignificant, and besides it was so distant from us. We heard a week ago that the volcano was getting on a heavier spree than it had indulged in for many years, and I am glad we arrived just at the right moment to see it under full blast.
I forgot to say that the noise made by the bubbling lava is not great, heard as we heard it from our lofty perch. It makes three distinct sounds - a rushing, a hissing, and a coughing or puffing sound; and if you stand on the brink and close your eyes it is no trick at all to imagine that you are sweeping down a river on a large low pressure steamer, and that you hear the hissing of the steam about her boilers, the puffing from her escape pipes and the churning rush of the water abaft her wheels. The smell of sulfur is strong, but not unpleasant to a sinner.
THE PILLAR OF FIRE
We left the lookout house at ten o'clock in a half cooked condition because of the heat from Pele's furnaces, and wrapping up in blankets (for the night was cold) returned to the hotel. After we got out in the dark we had another fine spectacle. A colossal column of cloud towered to a great height in the air immediately above the crater, and the outer swell of every one of its vast folds was dyed with a rich crimson luster, which was subdued to a pale rose tint in the depressions between. It glowed like a muffled torch and stretched upward to a dizzy height toward the zenith. I thought it just possible that its like had not been seen since the children of Israel wandered on their long march through the desert so many centuries ago over a path illuminated by the mysterious "pillar of fire." And I was sure that I now had a vivid conception of what the majestic "pillar of fire" was like, which almost amounted to a revelation.
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR MAN AND BEAST
It is only at very long intervals that I mention in a letter matters which properly pertain to the advertising columns, but in this case it seems to me that to leave out the fact that there is a neat, roomy, well furnished and well kept hotel at the volcano would be to remain silent upon a point of the very highest importance to any one who may desire to visit the place. The surprise of finding a good hotel in such an outlandish spot startled me considerably more than the volcano did. The house is new - built three or four months ago - and the table is good. One could not easily starve here even if the meats and groceries were to give out, for large tracts of land in the vicinity are well paved with excellent strawberries. One can have as abundant a supply as he chooses to call for. There has never heretofore been anything in this locality for the accommodation of travellers but a crazy old native grass hut, scanty fare, hard beds of matting and a Chinese cook.
MARK TWAIN.
[url] http://www.twainquotes.com/18661116u.html [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
夏威夷火山博物館 熾熱太平洋
一八六六年，馬克吐溫前往夏威夷大島的基勞威亞火山， 滿腔熱情地寫下：「這是一個想像力運作的空間！」
當年馬克吐溫看到的火山，一百多年後還在噴發，並且已經開發成為遊客蜂擁而至的國家公園。
園區內的傑格博物館，則是火山大小知識的起點。
大島（Big Island )的面積，是夏威夷其他所有島嶼加起來的兩倍大。過去十年來，島嶼東南方因火山噴發增加了七十英畝，是座仍在長大的島嶼。
大島的人口大約十四萬，主要集中在東岸的希洛（Hilo )和西岸的可那（Kona )；其間有五座火山，最高的是茂那基山（Mauna Kea )，其次依序為茂那羅亞山（Mauna Loa )、華拉來山（Hualalai )、可哈拉山（Kohala )、基勞威亞山（Kilauea )；其中以仍在噴發的茂那羅亞山和基勞威亞山最具盛名。
夏威夷火山國家公園主要坐落在基勞威亞火山區，公園內的湯瑪斯傑格博物館則是遊覽火山景觀前，必須前去做功課的地質教室。
博物館的外觀並不起眼，樸實無華，卻是園區內數一數二的高人氣景點。館內展示的多半是當年由麻省理工學院的湯瑪士傑格（Thomas A Jaggar )博士所做的各項研究。用以解釋夏威夷火山的發展和特性，包括地面傾斜測量儀和地震儀，時時刻刻掌握火山動態。
如果想看活生生的火山噴發，可以觀賞館內播放的影片，裡頭介紹歷年來火山及地質活動，雖是英文發音，不過光看畫面就很過癮。
夏威夷人將火山稱之為培雷（Pele )女神，館內展出培雷女神的頭髮和眼淚，真是浪漫得可以！其實，所謂培雷女神的頭髮，指的是岩漿中的纖維，而眼淚則是細碎的火山碎石。
導遊Robert說：「直到今天，夏威夷人都相信培雷女神的超凡力量，千萬別從這裡帶走任何一樣東西，即使是火山碎石，都會招來厄運。」
除了館內的各項展示，館外還有一樣活生生的展覽品是最受歡迎的，那就是夏威夷的州鳥黃頸黑雁（nene )，牠們胖嘟嘟的像小肥鴨一樣，常在博物館外的停車場走來走去。博物館後有一條小徑，可以望見一大片火山口，並且設有告示牌，解說噴發的年代和當時的情景。
[url] http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/9/15/n661395.htm [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
夏威夷幾勞亞火山於當地時間星期二（2008年7月8日）爆發，噴發出來的岩漿高達12米。當地官員表示當地居民都很平安，沒有造成任何的傷亡。
夏威夷幾勞亞火山是世界上最活躍的火山之一，自從1983年起就不斷爆發。從7月6日晚間，幾勞亞火山山頂就不斷的冒出岩漿。星期二終於爆發，噴發出來的岩漿有12米高。
當地的官員表示，他們持續在追蹤火山的最新情況，到目前為止對附近的居民都還沒有造成任何的危害。
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
为力一人儿在这驮得汗流浃背，来，老牛帮你驮驮，侬歇会儿！
夏威夷照片 (火山)
[url] http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=10309&page=1.html [/url]
人间伊甸园
[url] http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=12862&page=1.html [/url]
夏威夷照片 (帝王花-PROTEA)
[url] http://www.yidian.org/viewthread.php?tid=10392&page=1.html [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
谢老牛。夏威夷是让我最感动的地方。现在明白了，是因为火山。可我估计写不出来我的心境。试试吧。
Originally posted by [i]老牛[/i] at 2009-6-19 11:59 PM:
为力一人儿在这驮得汗流浃背，来，老牛帮你驮驮，侬歇会儿！
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
夏威夷火山国家公园
夏威夷火山国家公园
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
国家: 美国
所属洲: 北美洲
编号: 712-016
相关联接:[url] http://www.unesco.org/whc/sites/409.htm [/url]
1987年根据自然遗产评选标准N（II）被列入《世界遗产目录》
世界遗产委员会评价：
世界上最大的两个活火山——冒纳罗亚山（高4170米）和基拉韦厄火山，就象矗立在太平洋上的两个巨塔。火山猛烈的喷发不断地改变周围的景观，熔岩流揭示了奇妙的地质构造过程。人类在这里发现了许多稀有鸟类、物种和大量的蕨类植物。
简介：
夏威夷群岛位于北太平洋的中央，由东南至西北的130多个岛屿组成，它是一个绵延伸展2400公里的群岛整体。
夏威夷火山国家公园位于美国夏威夷州的夏威夷岛上，面积929平方千米，主要包括冒纳罗业和基拉韦厄两座现代活火山。这里有茂密的热带雨林。还有蝙蝠、夏威夷雁、大鹰、乌鸦、夏威夷白腹水鸟等动物。
基拉韦厄和冒纳罗亚两座现代活火山是这个公园的主要组成部分。同时它们也是夏威夷火山国家公园闻名遐迩的显著性标志。
其中冒纳罗亚火山是夏威夷第一大火山，它海拔4170米。呈圆锥形，它是从水深6000米的太平洋底部耸立起来的，从海底到山顶高度超过一万米，比珠穆朗玛峰还高一千多米。冒纳罗亚火山约喷发过35次，至今山顶上还留着火山口。火山喷发时，大量熔岩不断地倾泻出来，使山体日益增大，被称为“伟大的建筑师”。这座火山的大火山口称为“莫卡维奥维奥”，意思是“火烧岛”。这个火山口在1984年4月再次喷发，熔岩向夏威夷首府希洛的方向流泻了17英里。大喷发前在火山上空出现了巨大的热浪，附近的人先看到了滚滚乌云，接着是电闪雷鸣，随即下起了大雨。
海拔1243米的基拉韦厄火山坐落在冒纳罗亚火山的东南侧，山名的意思是“吐出许多”。基拉韦厄火山的活动极为频繁，曾经有过30年喷发50次的记录。从1983年初到1984年4月一年左右的时间里居然发生了17次火山爆发，其活动频繁在世界上实属罕见。火山爆发的时候，其景象十分壮观。熔岩像喷泉一样翻涌奔腾，四处飞溅。金黄色的巨流像决堤的洪水，有的沿裂缝泻出，有的则从火山口喷出，气势汹涌，势不可挡。最著名的喷发特征是壮观的熔岩抛向空中达90米，最高达503米。离开火山口的熔岩，就像一条红色河流，沿着山丘向下流动。相传在夏威夷火山居住着女神佩莉，她时常云游太平洋诸岛，基拉韦厄火山的爆发就是为了迎接女神远游归来。
除这两座火山外，茂密的热带雨林也生长在夏威夷火山国家公园内。另外，这里经常活动着如蝙蝠、大鹰、乌鸦、夏威夷白腹水鸟等动物，其中还有夏威夷州州徽图案上的夏威夷雁。
夏威夷火山观测站成立于1912年，就坐落在公园内基拉韦厄破火山口的边缘。观测站在公园管理方面发挥着主要作用。为预测危险的地震活动，人们密切监视着地面变形、气体外溢、电力、磁力和重力场的变化，以及熔岩的活动。在公园里对外关闭的地区，熔岩正在大量流动。夜幕下，熊熊燃烧的熔岩不断向空中喷吐着滚滚的红色蒸气，流经乡村，冲下山坡，涌向海洋。
相传在很久以前，烈火女神皮尔是捣蛋鬼莫埃-莫埃阿-奥利伊和大地母亲奥梅阿的女儿。这位女神四出旅行，寻找安身之处。她一个接一个地试遍了夏威夷群岛的每个地方，但是每当她用魔铲挖土掘火坑时，总是距海太近，海浪滚滚扑灭了火焰。最后，女神终于在夏威夷岛东南角的基拉韦厄火山上找到了梦寐以求的家园。人们有时也把这座岛叫作比格艾兰岛。
夏威夷当地人很注重传统，至今仍然给女神供奉肉、鱼、水果和鲜花。人们把祭品放在岛群中的圣地，哈莱莫莫火山口的边缘。这处圣地位于夏威夷火山国家公园内。公园是1961年根据美国国会法令建立的，在1980年成为教科文组织生物圈保护区。公园的地位并没有阻碍当地人在园内进行传统活动。当地人定期去公园不必花5美元入园费，他们可以采摘所需的草药，妇女也可以在园内的温泉中沐浴。
公园以良好的设施每年接待约两百万名游客。在宽敞的游览中心举办展览会、放映电影，并有大量的文件资料，中心还提供专题导游项目。沥青铺就的公路网使游客可以环绕基拉韦厄山的边缘游览，或是一直走到海边。缤纷的景致让人惊叹，步行小路更是四通八达。当夕阳西下，你沿途会看到喷吐着烟雾的银灰色火山口，一堆堆橙色的硫磺，蕴含矿物质的沙漠以及茂密的森林，高耸的蕨类植物同深色的树叶交织在一起。
游客们可以登上4170米高的冒纳罗亚火山，这个由一次次熔岩流堆积而成的山峰，它那精美的圆形山顶上有时也会白雪皑皑。
这片遥远的太平洋中的群岛由124座岛屿、小岛和环状珊瑚礁组成，其有八座主要岛屿。群岛早在七千万年前就从海中生成，但在1600年前一直无人居住，第一批居民是来自马克萨斯群岛的波利尼西亚人。新来的定居者看到岛上有一些随风、鸟类和海水而来的植物和昆虫，但是没有食肉的陆地哺乳动物。这可是个决定性因素，由于岛上没有食肉动物，植物和动物都没有发展防卫系统，因为没有那个必要。
在蚊子悄悄登上第一批帆船来到岛上之前，红色的白臂蜜鸟还没有形成对疟疾现在正造成大批鸟类死亡。在山羊被引进之前，薄荷和撒尔维亚干草也并不需要浓烈的保护性气味。公园的工作人员正竭尽全力拯救州鸟夏威夷雁免遭灭绝。美国动物学家斯图亚特·皮姆计算，自从人类在岛上定居以来，至少已经有101种鸟类从岛上消失了。
夏威夷地处一隅，与世隔绝，因而岛上盛产大批特有的植物，在记录在案的约1000种植物中，95%是其他地方没有的，但是它们易受到野猪和其他食草动物的侵害。火奴鲁鲁的里昂植物园主管、生物学家查尔斯·拉穆勒说，大约有一半的植物已濒临灭绝，虽然尚未记录在官方名单上。
有5000个物种是从外部带进来的，其中25种特别有破坏性。最可恨的侵犯者是原产于加那利群岛的硬木树，来自巴西的草莓番石榴，来自南美洲的香蕉藤和一种名叫“科斯特的诅咒”的中美洲灌木。它们的繁殖力很强，扼杀了当地的植物。但是人们已经对这些有害植物宣战。人们从加那利群岛进口了一种昆虫来对付硬木树。但见效甚为缓慢。国家公园的植物学家琳达·普拉特试用了各种除莠剂，但这项艰难的工作要冒破坏无害植物、污染水域的风险。“要生存还是死亡”的海报四处张贴，向人们展示一种野牡丹属植物的名称和照片。必须在这种繁殖迅速的植物布满全岛之前就根除它。这种植物在塔希提（法属波利尼西亚）已经占领了四分之三的丛林地带。
要保护这座公园还必须消灭某些由人类带到岛上来的陆地哺乳动物。为此，公园主管吉姆·马丁采取了一项不同凡响的措施，把偷猎者的作用也纳入计划。一些人也许会为杀掉野猫而伤心，但是野猫会危害濒危动物黑腰海燕的蛋和幼雏。在当地猎人的帮助下，野山羊的数目从1980年的15000只减少到不足100只，它们实际上已经被消灭了。虽然在1930年到1970年间杀死了11000头野猪，但人们估计仍有大约4000头存活。
除了猎杀以外，修筑篱笆也是解决问题的好方法，只是花费不菲。吉姆·马丁抱怨缺钱。公园只有八名巡逻人员，而正规的巡视需要15至20人。公园方面再也不能支付研究人员的经费了。来此地作研究的人都属于外界组织。公园在1995年11月曾关闭以示抗议，但三星期后，最初表示支持的公众失去了耐心，公园不得不重新开放。
由于公园位于一个危险区域内，它的情况就特别令人担心。海岸悬崖遭到破坏，岩浆随时可能喷发，因为冒纳罗亚和基拉韦厄是全球最活跃的两座火山。为了重新开辟道路，新近涌出的熔岩必须清除。
虽然火山公园是比格艾兰岛上一片规划分明的中心地区，但地图上并没有标明一个生物圈保护区所需的缓冲区或中间地带。吉姆·马丁解释说，公园和与之相邻的联邦监狱及私人领地间达成了一项谅解，一项发展计划正在制订中。附近村庄的新建筑将会同森林环境融为一体，不会造成损害。
一个更为严峻的问题是，自从世界糖价暴跌以来，夏威夷就处于灾难性的经济形势中。甘蔗地被废弃，失业的劳工甚至在公园境内种植大麻。他们为种植庄稼而砍伐森林，为保护自己而挖掘致命的陷阱，这些作法正在对生态系统构成威胁。但是，对犯法者处以重金罚款和长期监禁的惩处有助于改善这种状况。
可是这还不算完。桫椤被人用链锯砍伐，用载重卡车运走。破坏者无视监视摄像机的存在，大肆偷盗珍贵的考古文物。这里有人类曾居住过的洞穴，村庄的遗址和易破损的岩画，其中一些古迹最近被熔岩流覆盖了。
[url] http://baike.baidu.com/view/85939.htm [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
基拉韦厄火山
基拉韦厄火山－－世界上最大的两个活火山之一
基拉韦厄火山（KILAUEA）位于美国夏威夷岛东南部。北纬19.43°，西经155.29°，海拔1222米。
基拉韦厄火山是世界上活动力旺盛的活火山，至今仍经常喷发。山顶有一个巨大的破火山口，直径4027米，深130余米，其中包含许多火山口。整个火山口好像是一个大锅，大锅中又套着许多小锅 (火山口)。在破火山口的的西南角有个翻腾着炽热溶岩的火山口，直径约1000米，深约400米，其中的熔岩，有时向上喷射，形成喷泉，有时溢出火山口外，形如瀑布，当地土著人称它为“哈里摩摩”，意为“永恒火焰之家”。 这里曾长期存在着一个世上最大的岩浆湖，面积广达10万平方米，通红织热的岩浆一般有十几米深，在湖中翻滚嘶鸣，仿佛一炉沸腾的钢水。在湖的边缘部分，经常产生暗红色的桔皮，它们堆积起来就像一捆捆绳子，桔皮有时破裂后再倾倒沉入白热的岩浆中去。湖面上还不时出现高几米的岩浆喷泉，喷溅着五彩缤纷的火花。这种种惊心动魄的景象，称得上是大自然中的奇观。
1960年基拉韦厄火山大爆发时，熔岩流从高处奔腾下泻，涌入大海，在海边填造了一块约2平方公里的新陆地。2002年7 月29日，滚滚岩浆从基拉韦厄火山喷涌而出，流入大海，水火交融，形成壮观的景象。2002年8月17日，该火山喷出的火红岩浆滚滚涌向海边，好似一条岩浆火龙(右上图）。
20多年来，基拉韦厄火山持续不断涌出的大量岩浆已经在夏威夷岛东南形成几个新的黑沙滩并使岛的面积不断扩大。
[url] http://baike.baidu.com/view/641897.htm [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
基拉韋厄山(Kilauea) Eruption History
When Kilauea began to form is not known, but various estimates are 300,000-600,000 years ago. The volcano has been active ever since, with no prolonged periods of quiescence known. Geologic studies of surface exposures, and examination of drillhole samples, show that Kilauea is made mostly of lava flows, locally interbedded with deposits of explosive eruptions. Probably what we have seen happen in the past 200 years is a good guide to what has happened ever since Kilauea emerged from the sea as an island perhaps 50,000-100,000 years ago.
Lava Erupts from Kilauea's Summit and Rift Zones
Throughout its history Kilauea has erupted from three main areas, its summit and two rift zones. Geologists debate whether Kilauea has always had a caldera at the summit or whether it is a relatively recent feature of the past few thousand years. It seems most likely that the caldera has come and gone throughout the life of Kilauea.
The summit of the volcano is high because eruptions are more frequent there than at any other single location on the volcano. However, more eruptions actually occur on the long rift zones than in the summit area, but they are not localized, instead constructing ridges of lower elevation than the summit. Eruptions along the east and southwest rift zones have build ridges reaching outward from the summit some 125 km and 35 km, respectively.
Most eruptions are relatively gentle, sending lava flows downslope from fountains a few meters to a few hundred meters high. Over and over again these eruptions occur, gradually building up the volcano and giving it a gentle, shield-like form. Every few decades to centuries, however, powerful explosions spread ejecta across the landscape. Such explosions can be lethal, as the one in 1790 that killed scores of people in a war party near the summit of Kilauea. Such explosions can take place from either the summit or the upper rift zones.
Future of Kilauea
The foreseeable future of Kilauea looks much like the past. Continued effusive eruptions will fill the caldera, heighten the summit, and build the rift zones--over and over and over again. Sporadic explosions will cause destruction but hopefully not loss of life. We cannot tell how much larger Kilauea will grow or when it will stop, but it will surely continue to erupt through the rest of human history.
Historical eruptions
Table, including dates, volumes of lava erupted, area covered, and location of vents.
Pu`u `O`o - Kupaianaha eruption
Summary, January 1983 - 2005
Kalapana covered by lava, 1990
Earlier eruptions
The 1960 Kapoho Eruption
The 1959 summit eruption at Kilauea Iki Crater
The 1924 exposions of Kilauea
Other information
Simplified geologic map of summit caldera
[url] http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/history/ [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。
Halemaumau Crater
Halemaʻumaʻu crater is a pit crater located within the much larger summit caldera, of Kīlauea, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The roughly circular crater floor is 770 metres (2,530 ft) x 900 metres (2,950 ft) and is 83 metres (270 ft) below the floor of Kīlauea caldera. Halemaʻumaʻu is home to Pele, Goddess of Hawaiian Volcanoes, according to the traditions of the native people.[1][2]
Contents [hide]
1 Eruptive history
2 2008 eruption episodes
2.1 September 2008 eruption episode
2.2 May-August 2008
2.3 April 2008 eruption episode
2.4 March 2008 eruption episode
3 References
[edit] Eruptive history
William Ellis, a missionary and amateur ethnographer and geologist, published the first description of Halemaʻumaʻu as it appeared in 1823.[3]
Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below. Immediately before us yawned an immense gulf, in the form of a crescent, about two miles (3 km) in length, from north-east to south-west, nearly a mile in width, and apparently 800 feet (240 m) deep. The bottom was covered with lava, and the south-west and northern parts of it were one vast flood of burning matter, in a state of terrific ebullition, rolling to and fro its “fiery surge” and flaming billows.
In 1866 Mark Twain, an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer hiked to the Caldera floor.[4]
He wrote the following account of the lake of molten lava which he found there:
It was like gazing at the sun at noon-day, except that the glare was not quite so white. At unequal distances all around the shores of the lake were nearly white-hot chimneys or hollow drums of lava, four or five feet high, and up through them were bursting gorgeous sprays of lava-gouts and gem spangles, some white, some red and some golden--a ceaseless bombardment, and one that fascinated the eye with its unapproachable splendor. The mere distant jets, sparkling up through an intervening gossamer veil of vapor, seemed miles away; and the further the curving ranks of fiery fountains receded, the more fairy-like and beautiful they appeared.
The level of the lava lake varied over the decades and at times was only 30 metres (100 ft) below the crater rim. In 1924,[5] explosive eruptions sent dust high into the atmosphere and doubled the diameter of the crater. Fractures allowed the lava lake to drain to the east until its surface was 366 metres (1,200 ft) below the caldera floor. Subsequent eruptions have mostly refilled the crater. Most of the current crater floor was formed in 1974.[2] A 1982 eruption covered a small portion of the northeastern crater floor.[6]
[edit] 2008 eruption episodes
Episodes in this calendar year are being listed in order of current activity for ease of reading and editing. As of September 072008, and according to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the activity in the crater is in an active state.
Other than the described events, no erupting or fountaining of lava has occurred in the crater, unlike the concurrent activity on the Eastern Rift Zone around Pu'u O'O.
Night time viewing of the crater's webcam reveals an incandescent illumination of the venting gases, leading scientists to suggest in their daily reports that molten lava may reside at shallow depth within the new vent; [7]. An active lava lake was spotted in September.
The crater overlook is closed and frequent closures of Crater Rim Drive are expected. Visitors may view the crater from the relatively safe locations of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and Volcano House.
Readers and visitors are encouraged to refer to the United States Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory website as they publish frequent eruption summaries, press releases, maps, and other data, as well as provides both real- and near real-time hazard data and panoramic Internet web camera views of events.[8][9]
[edit] September 2008 eruption episode
Aerial view of lava lake in vent crater September 5.Hawaii Volcano Observatory news release and images dated September 5, 2008 confirm the first recorded images of a lava lake 130 feet below the lip of the vent. The HVO has alluded to the presence of lava within the vent, including the sporadic ejecting of lava materials from the vent due to explosive episodes, but this gave officials the first opportunity to visually confirm that active lava is present. The report also notes that the lava cannot be seen from observation points around the crater as of yet.[10]
Since the vent's first appearance, 5.5 months ago, there have been six siginificant explosive events (the latest being September 2, 2008); changing the vent to its present shape of 65 meters or 215 feet across.
[edit] May-August 2008
May 5, 2008 aerial image into Halema'uma'u gas vent, revealing dull orange glow from incandescent activity. Reports still reflect lava present at some depth but not evident as of this date.Activity within the crater and vent continued to present scientists with work as the vent continued to eject ash and gases. It wasn't until August 1, 2008 that the crater was rocked with the 4th Explosive event and later on August 27, 2008 its 5th event.
[edit] April 2008 eruption episode
Before and after view of second explosion on April 9.This episode began with an explosion on the night of April 9, 2008 that widened the hole by an additional 5–10 metres (15–30 feet), ejected debris over some 60 metres (200 ft) and further damaged the overlook as well as scientific monitoring instruments.[11]
At night, an incandescent glow illuminates the venting gas plume on September 21.In response to the second episode, scientists and local government officials on April 9, 2008 ordered hundreds of people to evacuate from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and nearby villages because the sulfur dioxide concentration levels had reached a critical level and a hazardous vog plume extended downwind from the crater. The evacuation lasted two days.[12]
On April 16, 2008 the crater was rocked with its third significant explosive event, sending ash and debris throughout the area.
[edit] March 2008 eruption episode
Before and after comparison of the new gas vent. The crater overlook is circled for reference.Crater activity began to increase when between March 10 and March 14, 2008 gas began to vent from the east wall fumarole directly below the Crater Overlook;[13] however the gas event was only a prelude when in the wee hours (02:58 am HST) of March 19, 2008 HVO personnel thought they were experiencing seismic events, but sunrise revealed a 20–30 metre (65–100 foot) diameter hole blown in the side where the vent once was; scattering debris and spatter across 0.30 square kilometres (74 acres) and damaging the Crater Overlook. Pieces as large as 20 millimetres (1 in) were found on Crater Rim Drive while 0.3 metres (1 ft) blocks hit the crater overlook area.[14] This was the first explosive eruption of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater since 1924, and the first lava eruption from the crater since 1982.[15]
An April 3, 2008 aerial view of the March 19 explosion site.Sulfur dioxide gas emissions increased rapidly at the beginning of the episode. On March 13, HVO recorded a rate of 2,000 tons/day, the highest rate since measurements began in 1979. A concentration of over 40 ppm on Crater Rim Drive was measured, prompting alerts and other public safety measures.[12][13] Halemaʻumaʻu crater continued to intermittently emit high levels of volcanic gases, ash, spatter, Pele's Tears,and Pele's Hair until the second episode.[16]
[url] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halemaumau [/url]
因为无能为力，所以尽力而为。