请看夏威夷草裙舞(男女都穿):smile:

Polynesian Cultural Center
[url] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwAHCnrymiQ [/url]

夏威夷介绍：

[url] http://www.gohawaii.cn/guide/index.htm [/url]

Hawaii: A Novel

Editorial Reviews

This is Michener's most ambitious book, but at times it almost falls of its own weight in the immense scope of time and place and people projected. For here is the story of Hawaii, told in terms of the peoples who made it- and the forces of nature which held it in thrall. While each of the major sections seems at first almost complete in itself, tracing the elements that together brought the islands to fulfillment, actually the people who wove the texture became themselves a major part of it. First- the story of the millions of years before man, as the volcanic islands rose from the sea, fell again, were rebuilt by the coral, by beds of lava, and slowly populated by vegetation, and life, and a passionate, courageous, adventurous people from the lovely Bora Bora. Then- the missionaries- a thousand years later- Calvinists with humorless intent to save these feckless natives from eternal damnation. The Hales, the Whipples, the Janderses, the Haxworths, the Hewlitts - who became the hierarchy. Some remained in the mission field, but many deserted it - disillusioned, embittered, wearied by the thanklessness of the impossible task of conversion. But they stayed on- as merchants, land owners, progenitors of the Five Families that for generations held the power- socially, politically, economically, though kings came and went, and a people disintegrated. New national groups came- the Chinese first as laborers, then as vital factors in the islands' economy; then the Japanese and the Filipinos. Little by little, through intermarriage, through education, through business endeavors, a new people were formed. The Hawaiians proved a mellow core; but it took a virtual social revolution, two wars, labor upsets, plague, disaster and intrigue at high level and low, to blend a strong people who could prove themselves Americans. It's an enormously interesting story of human beings - at many levels of struggle - and rewards the very considerable contribution the reader must bring to its reading. (Kirkus Reviews) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

[url] http://www.amazon.com/Hawaii-Novel-James-Michener/dp/0375760377 [/url]

美国第５０个州——夏威夷州

夏威夷州(hawaii)位于太平洋中北部。由８个大岛及１２４个小岛组成，从西北到东南长３８４０公里。是一个孤立的群岛之州。公元４世纪前后，一批波利尼西亚人乘独木舟来到这里并在此定居，为这片岛屿起名“夏威夷”，意为“原来的家”。１９５９年８月２１日成为美国的第５０州。面积为１６．７万平方公里，在５０州内列第４７位。首府檀香山（honolulu，又译火奴鲁鲁）。

　　最早发现夏威夷的欧洲人是西班牙的胡安·盖塔诺，而真正使夏威夷为世人所知的是英国航海家库克船长，他于１７７８年登上夏威夷群岛。１７９５年，卡米哈米哈酋长征服了其他部落，建立夏威夷王国。１８９８年沦为美国的属地。１９５９年成为美国第５０个州。它东距美国旧金山３８４６公里，西距日本东京６２００公里，是太平洋地区海空运输的枢纽。马克·吐温说，夏威夷是大洋中最美的岛屿，也是停泊在海洋中最可爱的岛屿舰队。

　　夏威夷主要有四个特征：１．全州由火山岛组成一个新月形岛链，弯弯地镶嵌在太平洋中部水域，所以有“太平洋的十字路口”和“美国通往亚太的门户”之称。太平洋洋底有一破裂带，地壳下地幔层内岩浆向外迸流，构成洋面以下火山群岛，８个小岛是海底火山锥的顶部露出海面而成。岛上迄今尚有活火山，时常喷发。２．全州属于热带气候。３．夏威夷州凤梨产量列美国第一，也列世界第一。产量占世界总产量的３／４。４．此州是美国海空军基地，以保卫美国太平洋沿岸。８个大岛中最大的一个是夏威夷岛(hawaii i.)， 由５座火山组成，其中基拉韦厄火山为世界活火山之最。冒纳罗亚火山每隔若干年喷发一次，炽烈的熔岩从山隙中缓缓流出，成为夏威夷的一大奇观。面积为１０４９８平方公里。瓦胡岛 (oahu i.)是第三大岛，也是夏威夷的政治和文化中心，及首府檀香山的所在地，在夏威夷岛西北２２０公里。全州８０％的人口居住在该岛上。

　　夏威夷群岛是风景区。地处热带，气候却温和宜人，无严寒天气，无干燥气候，生活便利。北风坡年降水量可达６００毫米；迎风坡年降水量多至１００００毫米。土质肥沃。

　　夏威夷州的经济以农业为主，２／３的土地种植甘蔗，每年约生产粗糖一百万吨。相当于美国目前每年食糖总消费量的１／１０，因而被称为美国的糖岛。渔业也是当地经济的重要组成部分。而随着旅游业的发展，已逐渐成为该州的重要经济支柱。

　　夏威夷是世界上旅游业最发达的地方之一。不过吸引游客的并非是名胜古迹，而是它得天独厚的美丽环境，以及夏威夷人传统的热情、友善、诚挚。夏威夷风光明媚，海滩迷人，日月星去变幻出五彩风光：晴空下，美丽的怀基基海滩，阳伞如花；晚霞中，岸边蕉林椰树为情侣们轻吟低唱；月光下，波利尼西亚人在草席上载歌载舞。夏威夷的花之音，海之韵，为游客们奏出一支优美的浪漫曲。

　　夏威夷人纯朴好客。当观光轮船接近夏威夷外海时，便有一大群热情如火的夏威夷女郎，驾着小舟靠近轮船，把一串串五颜六色的花环送给游客，且不断的说着“阿罗哈”，充分表达她们最真挚的欢迎之意。阿罗哈是当地土语，一般解释为欢迎，你好等，表示友好和祝福，每个来到夏威夷的人都学会这句话。花环叫“蕾伊”，夏威夷人总是手拿蕾伊，熟人相见，欢迎或欢送客人，都要送蕾伊，就好象我们见面握手一样。

　　草裙舞是最让观光者念念不忘的。草裙舞又名“呼拉舞”，是一种注重手脚和腰部动作的舞。月光如水之夜，凉风习习的椰林中，穿夏威夷衫的青年，抱着吉他，弹着优美的乐曲，用低沉的歌声，倾诉心中的恋情。跳舞的女郎，挂着蕾伊，穿着金色的草裙，配合音乐旋律和节奏，表现出优美的姿态。纯洁的感情，如诗的气氛，如画的情调，令人陶醉，更叫人流连忘返。赞颂“火山女神”的舞蹈，也是游客喜欢观赏的。火山爆发给夏威夷土著人带来震惊，他们是心有余悸的，于是在冥冥之中，认为他们的世界乃火山女神所掌管，于是编了一个舞蹈，来赞颂“火山女神”的伟大，在疯狂的原始呼号中，一群脸上涂着色彩的土著人，围着熊熊的篝火狂舞着。

　　让游客感兴趣的还有夏威夷“没有规范”的服饰，与欧美人士穿衣讲究场合相反，夏威夷人无论场合时间，一律身着夏威夷布裁制的夏威夷衫。男从穿的叫阿罗哈衫，女性的花衫有长短之分，白天穿的略短，叫“慕”，晚上穿的长衫叫“慕慕”，以长短命名衣服是当地人的发明。游客到此，都不忘带回几件“慕”或“慕慕”。

　　位于瓦胡岛的州首府檀香山，从前盛产檀香木，华侨因而称之为檀香山。檀香山地理位置十分重要，它是从美国西岸到澳大利亚和从巴拿马运河去远东的交通要冲，有“太平洋的十字路口”之称。居民除夏威夷人外，还有华人、日本人以及菲律宾人、波多黎各人等。

　　瓦胡岛上的波利尼西亚文化中心，依山傍水，热带植物繁茂，人工湖将中心分为夏威夷、萨摩亚、斐济、汤加、塔西堤、马克萨斯、毛利等７个村落，代表波利尼西亚７种不同文化，各村落建筑均保持几百年前的传统风貌，从不同侧面反映了民族文化特色，吸引着各地的游人们。市中心还有意大利文艺复兴时期风格的建筑——伊拉奥尼皇宫。

　　夏威夷州教育很发达。义务教育从６岁到满１８岁，是强迫式义务教育，适龄孩子必须入学。夏威夷大学创立于１９０７年，校内设有东西方研究中心。

　　檀香山附近的珍珠港是驰名世界的港湾。１９４１年１２月清晨，爆发了震惊世界的“珍珠港事件”。目前，珍珠港仍然是美国太平洋舰队的主要基地和美国太平洋地区武装部队司令部的所在地。

　　夏威夷州别名是“阿罗哈之州” (the aloha state)。州花是芙蓉花 (yellowhibiscus)。 州鸟是夏威夷鹅(hawaiian goose)。州树是蜡烛果树 (candlenut)。座右铭是“正义永存”(the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness)。

　　１９８５年５月２１日，该州与中国的广东省缔结了友好关系。１９９２年６月３０日，该州与中国的海南省缔结了友好关系。

[url] http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/travel/14twain.html?pagewanted=2 [/url]

Twain spent four months in the islands in 1866, when he was 31 and working on becoming famous. His 25 letters from the Sandwich Islands, written on assignment for The Sacramento Union, are still fresh and rudely funny after almost a century and a half — a foretaste of genius and the best travel writing about Hawaii, my home state, I have ever read.

Twain's Hawaii teemed with ship captains, whalers, missionaries, mosquitoes, fragrant thickets of flowers and thousands of cats. France, Britain and the United States were competing for influence, making the usual colonial mischief. The population and ancient ways of native Hawaiians, the Kanaka Maoli, were in catastrophic decline, beset by disease and cultural pressures. But Hawaii was still in its sovereign glory, with an elected legislature and a 35-year-old king: stately, plump Kamehameha V, the last of his family dynasty. It was a land of royal pageantry, tropical splendor and a fair amount of squalor.

Determined to "ransack the islands" for his dispatches, Twain rented a horse and rode until he was laid up with saddle sores. He rode by moonlight through a ghostly plain of sand strewn with human bones, the remains of an ancient battlefield. He scaled the summit of Kilauea during an eruption, standing at the crater's edge on a foggy night, his face made crimson by lava-glow. He hiked through misty valleys. He surfed.

You heard right, Huck: America's greatest writer took a wooden surfboard and paddled out to wait, as he had seen naked locals do, "for a particularly prodigious billow to come along," upon which billow he prodigiously wiped out.

"None but natives ever master the art of surf-bathing thoroughly," he wrote.

He also tried swimming with nude native women, but when he got into the surf, they got out.

He might have tasted poi, eaten with the fingers in those days from a communal calabash, but after reading this passage, I suspect not: "Many a different finger goes into the same bowl and many a different kind of dirt and shade and quality of flavor is added to the virtues of its contents. One tall gentleman, with nothing in the world on but a soiled and greasy shirt, thrust in his finger and tested the poi, shook his head, scratched it with the useful finger, made another test, prospected among his hair, caught something and ate it; tested the poi again, wiped the grimy perspiration from his brow with the universal hand, tested again, blew his nose — 'Let's move on, Brown,' said I, and we moved."

That passage is from "Mark Twain's Letters From Hawaii," which along with "Mark Twain in Hawaii: Roughing It in the Sandwich Islands," is the starting point for tracing Twain's footsteps. The trail begins in downtown Honolulu:

"A good part of Honolulu turned out to welcome the steamer," Twain wrote. "It was Sunday morning, and about church time, and we steamed through the narrow channel to the music of six different church bells, which sent their mellow tones far and wide, over hills and valleys, which were peopled by naked, savage, thundering barbarians only 50 years ago!"

In this passage and others, readers should try to forgive Twain's culture-bound ethnic insensitivity and remember that his misanthropy is refreshingly all-inclusive. He also betrays a sympathy for Hawaiians that is pretty enlightened for a white guy from 19th-century Missouri.

Downtown Honolulu is far less savage than it was, but architectural traces of the kingdom survive among the groves of mirrored office towers. The grandest is Iolani Palace, a Victorian dollhouse of fluted columns and wrought iron that is the only royal residence in the United States, not counting Graceland.

Twain never saw it — it went up in 1882 — but on the palace lawn, now shaded by an immense kapok tree, he watched 2,000 Hawaiians grieving by torchlight for Princess Victoria Kamamalu, the king's sister, on the eve of her funeral.

"Every night, and all night long, for more than 30 days," he wrote, "multitudes of these strange mourners have burned their candle-nut torches in the royal inclosure, and sung their funeral dirges, and danced their hulahulas, and wailed their harrowing wail for the dead."

All you hear now is the droning of cars; the palace is in Honolulu's business district, next to the state Capitol. For a more haunting experience, go up the road into Nuuanu Valley, to the princess's burial place. On the day of her funeral, Twain galloped there to await the procession.

The Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii consists of several crypts and a coral-block chapel on a lawn lined with palms. It may be the most history-drenched place in the islands. The mausoleum's curator, or kahu, is William Kaiheekai Maioho, who lives in a cottage on the grounds and is the sixth in his family to hold the position. Answering my knock on a recent visit, he offered to show me the chapel. He opened its windows to the sun and sat in a pew to tell the story.

Speaking gently, he recited a long history of royal funerals and renovations, then took me to the family crypt of the Kalakauas, successors to the Kamehamehas. The gold inscriptions on its white marble walls are as familiar to Hawaii schoolchildren as those of presidents: Kalakaua, Kapiolani, Kaiulani, Kalanianaole and Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last monarch.

Visiting their graves made me eager to plunge deeper into Hawaii's royal past, following Twain's footsteps to the Big Island, where Kamehameha the Great was born and where an eruption of Kilauea that began in 1983 is still sending lava down gentle slopes into the boiling sea.

Twain spent weeks covering the Big Island on horseback, but a rental car makes it possible to hit the highlights in two days or three. The highway to Kilauea's summit is a straight, slow climb out of Hilo, past tin-roofed frame houses in tidy yards planted with ti, banana and torch ginger, and a more recent development: gridlocked shopping-mall sprawl. That side of the island also has an end-of-the-road, Alaska feel, with lots of blond dreadlocks and holistic massage salons. One Adopt-a-Highway sponsor is the Raelians, the sect that promotes human cloning and believes the first humans were created by visiting space aliens.

If so, the upper slopes of Kilauea are a likely landing area. The lush, broad-leafed lowlands give way to scrubby ohia trees poking out of an understory thick with ginger and uluhe ferns. Soon you are in the chill and splendid desolation of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. At the visitor center, rangers give daily briefings on the air quality — the sulfurous fumes can be thick and dangerous — and the state of the lava flow.

Perched at the rim of the steaming caldera is the old Volcano House hotel. Twain stayed here, but when it was a primitive hostel, not this imposing structure with a large fireplace in a lobby lined with portraits of Hawaii's kings and queens.

The Volcano House has crater-view rooms at $225 a night, but if you want an experience closer to Twain's, stay in one of the hotel's tidy wooden cabins in the Namakani Paio campground, three miles away in a grove of towering koa, ohia and eucalyptus trees. They cost $50 a night and sleep four, with separate bathrooms and hot showers, and are a perfect base for a Twain-style expedition to the eruption.

For the last 23 years, the lava has been flowing not from Kilauea's summit but from Pu'u O'o vent, a crack in its southern slopes. The lava has buried miles of mountainside — as well as streets, subdivisions and beaches — in crunchy black lacquer. Chain of Craters Road winds down the mountain like a lazily draped ribbon on a pillow. Roadcuts through old lava flows are marked with dates, and even those from the 1950's are still desolate — just craggy, brownish-black rock, like strewn coffee grounds.

Night falls like an anvil in these latitudes. The flowing lava is invisible by day, but at night it becomes a shimmering strip of orange, running up the mountainside and coloring the clouds above. A steam plume rises at the ocean's edge. Tourists who wisely take walking sticks, boots and flashlights can clamber up to where the lava has overrun the road, for a long hike over cool lava to get closer to the glowing rock and steam.

BUT you can also stay put, since the view from the road — especially through the rangers' telescope — is excellent. It is a staggering sight, though not, sadly, as spectacular as the bubbling lava lake Twain lucked upon:

"The greater part of the vast floor of the desert under us was as black as ink, and apparently smooth and level; but over a mile square of it was ringed and streaked and striped with a thousand branching streams of liquid and gorgeously brilliant fire! It looked like a colossal railroad map of the State of Massachusetts done in chain lightning on a midnight sky. Imagine it — imagine a coal-black sky shivered into a tangled network of angry fire!"

A long drive out of Volcanoes National Park winds down around the United States' southernmost point, then up the coast to Kailua-Kona. In Waiohinu, a roadside marker points out Mark Twain's monkeypod tree, planted by the man himself.

For a surreal plunge into deep history, visit Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, commonly called the City of Refuge, a centuries-old religious sanctuary. Twain marveled at its hulking stonework, which was built in the 1500's without mortar and stands to this day just as he described it, above tidal pools full of foraging sea turtles.

It's a short drive from there to Kealakekua Bay, where native Hawaiians brought Captain James Cook's celebrated career to a sudden halt. "Plain unvarnished history takes the romance out of Captain Cook's assassination, and renders a deliberate verdict of justifiable homicide," wrote Twain, ever the provocative American. "Wherever he went among the islands he was cordially received and welcomed by the inhabitants, and his ships lavishly supplied with all manner of food. He returned these kindnesses with insult and ill-treatment."

If you head from there to Kailua Kona, the Big Island's main tourist enclave, you may conclude that Cook's defeat was only a temporary setback. Twain described it as "the sleepiest, quietest, Sundayest looking place you can imagine." But today the main drag, Alii Drive, is a tacky cousin to Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki, a ruthlessly efficient operation for the concentration and extraction of tourist money.

It looks like a highly unlikely place for Hawaiian authenticity, but there it is at King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel, the city's main hotel for locals — the one that caters to a mom-and-pop, wedding and luau crowd. Its 70's décor is pleasing, but even more so are the lobby and hall exhibits of old Hawaiian art and artifacts. It is a museum doubling as hotel, complete with portraits of royalty and a wooden bust of King Kamehameha I himself over the front desk.

The dinner buffet is a paradise of Hawaiian food: poi, kalua pig, rice and poke, a traditional dish of marinated raw fish. At the poolside bar the night I was there, a table of local guys in tank tops and sunglasses downed pitchers of beer and played ukuleles. I listened while floating on my back in the pool, staring up at Orion in the inky sky and thinking: it doesn't get much more Hawaiian than this.

But it does: There is a restored Hawaiian temple, or heiau, on the grounds. You can walk there after dark, as I did, following a row of gas torches to the water's edge, a grass hut and a lava-rock platform. The platform, a marker says, is the very one used by William Maioho's distant ancestor to prepare Kamehameha I for burial. Twain, quoting from an 1844 history volume, gives a detailed account of the events surrounding Kamehameha's death, which prompted, among other things, the sacrifice of 300 dogs "in lieu of human victims."

On a lawn beyond the platform an outdoor reception was breaking up. Musicians were packing up instruments, lingerers were chatting, the dark waters were rippling in the orange glow of torch light. There was a table with a guest book and photo album — this had been a baby luau, celebrating a child's first birthday. It was about as old and genuine as Hawaiian traditions get.

There's depth for you — two true stories of the real Hawaii, one nearly lost to time, the other just beginning, and both hidden in plain sight among the tiki torches of a tourist ground zero. Twain would have appreciated it.

Mark Twain on Hawai'i

Sir: When you do me the honor to suggest that I write an article about the Sandwich Islands, just now when the death of the King has turned something of the public attention in that direction, you unkennel a man whose modesty would have kept him in hiding otherwise. I could fill you full of statistics, but most human beings like gossip better, and so you will not blame me if I proceed after the largest audience and leave other people to worry the minority with arithmetic.

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A Paradise for All Sorts

I spent several months in the Sandwich Islands, six years ago, and, if I could have my way about it, I would go back there and remain the rest of my days. It is paradise for an indolent man. If a man is rich he can live expensively, and his grandeur will be respected as in other parts of the earth; if he is poor he can herd with the natives, and live on next to nothing; he can sun himself all day long under the palm trees, and be no more troubled by his conscience than a butterfly would.

When you are in that blessed retreat, you are safe from the turmoil of life; you drowse your days away in a long deep dream of peace; the past is a forgotten thing, the present is heaven, the future you leave to take care of itself. You are in the center of the Pacific Ocean; you are two thousand miles from any continent; you are millions of miles from the world; as far as you can see, on any hand, the crested billows wall the horizon, and beyond this barrier the wide universe is but a foreign land to yo u, and barren of interest.

The climate is simply delicious -- never cold at the sea level, and never really too warm, for you are at the half-way house -- that is, twenty degrees above the equator. But then you may order your own climate, for this reason: the eight inhabited island s are merely mountains that lift themselves out of the sea -- a group of bells, if you please, with some (but not very much) "flare" at their basis. You get the idea? Well, you take a thermometer, and mark on it where you want the mercury to stand permane ntly forever (with not more than 12 degrees variation) Winter and Summer. If 82 in the shade is your figure (with the privilege of going down or up 5 or 6 degrees at long intervals), you build your house down on the "flare" -- the sloping or level ground by the seashore -- and you have the deadest surest thing in the world on that temperature. And such is the climate of Honolulu, the capital of the kingdom. If you mark 70 as your mean temperature, you build your house on any mountain side, 400 or 500 fee t above sea level. If you mark 55 or 60, go 1,500 feet higher. If you mark for Wintry weather, go on climbing and watching your mercury. If you want snow and ice forever and ever, and zero and below, build on the summit of Mauna Kea, 16,000 feet up in the air. If you must have hot weather, you should build at Lahaina, where they do not hang the thermometer on a nail because the solder might melt and the instrument get broken; or you should build in the crater of Kilauea which would be the same as going ho me before your time. You cannot find as much climate bunched together anywhere in the world as you can in the Sandwich Islands. You may stand on the summit of Mauna Kea, in the midst of snowbanks that were there before Capt. Cook was born, maybe, and whil e you shiver in your furs you may cast your eye down the sweep of the mountain side and tell exactly where the frigid zone ends and vegetable life begins; a stunted and tormented growth of trees shades down into a taller and freer species, and that in tur n, into the full foliage and varied tints of the temperate zone; further down, the mere ordinary green tone of a forest washes over the edges of a broad bar of orange trees that embraces the mountain like a belt, and is so deep and ark a green that distan ce makes it black; and still further down, your eye rests upon the levels of the seashore, where the sugar-cane is scorching in the sun, and the feathery cocoa-palm glassing itself in the tropical waves; and where you know the sinful natives are lolling a bout in utter nakedness and never knowing or caring that you and your snow and your chattering teeth are so close by. So you perceive, you can look down upon all the climates of the earth, and note the kinds and colors of all the vegetations, just with a glance of the eye -- and this glance only travels about three miles as the bird flies, too.

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About the Natives

The natives of the islands number only about 50,000, and the whites about 3,000, chiefly Americans. According to Capt. Cook, the natives numbered 400,000 less than a hundred years ago. But the traders brought labor and fancy diseases -- in other words, lo ng, deliberate, infallible destruction; and the missionaries brought the means of grace and got them ready. So the two forces are working along harmoniously, and anybody who knows anything about figures can tell you exactly when the last Kanaka will be in Abraham's bosom and his islands in the hands of the whites. It is the same as calculating an eclipse -- if you get started right, you cannot miss it. For nearly a century the natives have been keeping up a ratio of about three births to five deaths, and you can see what that must result in. No doubt in fifty years a Kanaka will be a curiosity in his own land, and as an investment will be superior to a circus.

I am truly sorry that these people are dying out, for they are about the most interesting savages there are. Their language is soft and musical, it has not a hissing sound in it, and all their words end with a vowel. They would call Jim Fisk Jimmy Fikki, for they will even to violence to a proper name if it grates too harshly in its natural state. The Italian is raspy and disagreeable compared to the Hawaiian tongue.

These people used to go naked, but the missionaries broke that up; in the towns the men wear clothing now; or if they have company they put on a shirt collar and a vest. Nothing but religion and education could have wrought these admirable changes. The wo men wear a single loose calico gown (mu'umu'u ), that falls without a break from neck to heels.

In the old times, to speak plainly, there was absolutely no bar to the commerce of the sexes. To refuse the solicitations of a stranger was regarded as a contemptible thing for a girl or a woman to do; but the missionaries have so bitterly fought this thi ng that they have succeeded at least in driving it out of sight -- and now it exists only in reality, not in name.

These natives are the simplest, the kindest-hearted, the most unselfish creatures that bear the image of the Maker. Where white influence has not changed them, they will make any chance stranger welcome, and divide their all with him -- a trait which has never existed among any other people, perhaps. They live only for today; tomorrow is a thing which does not enter into their calculations. I had a native youth in my employ in Honolulu, a graduate of a missionary college, and he divided his time between t ranslating the Greek Testament and taking care of a piece of property of mine which I considered a horse. Whenever this boy could collect his wages, he would go and lay out the entire amount, all the way up from fifty cents to a dollar, in poi (which is a paste made of the taro root, and is the national dish), and call in all the native ragamuffins that came along to help him eat it. And there, in the rich grass, under the tamarind trees, the gentle savages would sit and gorge till all was gone. My boy wo uld go hungry and content for a day or two, and then some Kanaka he probably had never seen before would invite him to a similar feast, and give him a fresh start.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From a letter to the New York Tribune, 1873
Originally posted to Alt.Culture.Hawaii by... Jai ? Yup.
Last updated: 1996 September 17th.
Return to the Soc.Culture.Hawaii homepage.

Aloha from michael j. wise on the slopes of Mauna Leahi, in Honolulu Hawai`i!

夏威夷王國是在1810年由歐胡、茂伊、莫洛凱、拉奈及夏威夷等島嶼的小型獨立部落。

在經過一場直接且血腥的戰爭後所統一成立的王國。領導戰爭且統一夏威夷群島的酋長，後被尊為卡美哈梅哈大帝。卡美哈梅哈受到暴風雨的阻礙，未能把握住在考艾島的勝利。然而考艾的酋長後來也臣服於卡美哈梅哈的統治。夏威夷王國的統一終結了夏威夷群島各部族的封建社會，轉型為一個具有現代雛型的、獨立的，與歐洲各帝國相仿的君主立憲體制。

至今仍有不少夏威夷原住民主張恢復夏威夷王國。

1830年，英美傳教士抵達夏威夷。
1840年，之後的隨後的數十年間，美國與日本的移民、商人及投資客在島上數量越來越多，兩個海洋強國都開始積極在太平洋上擴張勢力，美國最後選擇採取更積極的動作進行控制。
1842年，美國首先承認夏威夷王國，這個外交承認主要是為了日本。若日本強行併吞夏威夷，美國將以反侵略的理由介入。
1850年，法國將民主制度以砲火帶進夏威夷，夏威夷王國開始出現議會制度。
1864年，南北戰爭，夏威夷被迫出售土地給北軍種植咖啡。美國租借了夏威夷海港。
1873年，美國國務卿主動表示不允許其他國家併吞夏威夷。
1885年，夏威夷王國與日本訂定航渡條約，大量日本勞動人口進入夏威夷。
1893年，在美國海軍的支持下，美國海軍陸戰隊登陸夏威夷，支援當地的美國人發動政變，夏威夷女王帶著臣民簽字的文件，親至美國國會請願。回島上後遭到軟禁。
1894年，成立夏威夷共和國，夏威夷王國滅亡。當時日本忙於甲午戰爭，無暇東顧。
1897年，夏威夷與美國簽訂合併條約，美日軍艦在夏威夷展開軍事對峙。但礙於中國與俄國的戰略壓力，日本政府內反對再與美國有軍事衝突。
1898年，夏威夷共和國與美國合併，成為美國的一個地區。
二十世紀後，日本對於夏威夷的態度成為「興滅國」，與原夏威夷王室交好的日本利用在夏威夷島上的經濟優勢，以滿洲國模式企圖進行恢復夏威夷王國的工作，直到太平洋戰爭爆發。

1941年，珍珠港事變。一架被擊落的日本飛機迫降於島上，並接受島上居民的救助。但該名飛行員與該島上一名日裔美國人聯手進行破壞，事件平息後，成為二戰美國管制日裔美國人的導火線。
1945年，聯合國將夏威夷視為託管領土，由美國實施託管。
1959年，在爭議的公投之下，夏威夷成為美國的一州。爭議的原因在於具有投票權的不只是夏威夷原住民，也包括了島上美日移民與美軍，使得公投結果一面倒。
1998年，美國總統柯林頓為美國併吞夏威夷公開道歉。

来自“[url] http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B [/url]”

利留卡拉尼女王

利留卡拉尼女王（Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii，1838年9月2日－1917年11月11日），原名為莉迪亞·卡瑪卡依哈（Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha），登基後改用皇室名字利留卡拉尼，之後又跟隨夫姓改名為莉迪亞·多明尼斯（Kaolupoloni K. Dominis），是夏威夷王國最後一位君主和唯一一位女王。

生平
出生於王室家庭的利留卡拉尼女王，在1862年9月16日與美國人約翰·奧雲·多明尼斯（John Owen Dominis）結婚，但並無育有兒女。由於並無兒女的關係，她選擇了她的姪女維多利亞·卡奧拉尼（Victoria Kaiulani）作為繼承人，可惜的是維多利亞在1899年逝世了。

利留卡拉尼女王在1891年1月17日繼承了她的兄長卡拉卡瓦的皇位。同年八月，其丈夫多明尼斯去世。在登基之後，她銳意要改修憲法，因為現有由美國人策劃制訂的刺刀憲法（Bayonet Constitution）限制了她的權力。可惜的是，當時的夏威夷基本上都被美國人控制，改革亦難以成行。在統治期不足三年的短暫情況下，1893年，利留卡拉尼女王被推翻，美國人並於翌年建立了夏威夷共和國。

被罷免後的生活
當時的美國總統格罗弗·克利夫兰頒佈了布隆特報告（Blount Report），在報告的結果顯示出推翻利留卡拉尼女王是屬於非法的行為，並向女王提出如她願意特赦所有有關人士的話可協助她重登王位。起初她堅持要將一干人等斬首而拒絕，在這種情況下，克利夫蘭總統將事件交由美國國會審議。雖然女王在1893年12月18日改變主意決定妥協，但臨時政府卻拒絕讓其復位。在另一方面，在1894年2月26日由美國參議院所提出的摩根報告（Morgan Report）則指出美國軍隊毋需為利留卡拉尼被推翻而負上任何責任，變相來說，推翻她的政權便變成了不是非法。其後，珊佛·杜尔（Sanford B.Dole）在1894年7月4日成立了夏威夷共和國，並得到美國政府的即時承認。

在1895年1月16日，利留卡拉尼女王因被人在其家花園發現槍支而被逮捕。雖然她堅持自己甚麼也不知道，但最終亦被判入獄五年與及罰款五千美元。不過，她在入獄期間是被囚於伊奧拉尼宮的，而且在1896年便獲得釋放。她隨後獲准返回檀香山的寓所居住直至1917年因中風逝世。而夏威夷共和國亦於1898年把主權交給美國，成為美國的海外領地。

雖然無法重登王位，但她亦堅持其王室的身份。另外，她的餘生有不少時間都在美國本土渡過，因為她試圖向美國政府追討45萬美元的財產損失，不過最後都失敗了。最後，夏威夷政府批准每年發放4000美元的養老金以及一幅24平方公里的蔗糖種植田地的收益給她。

利留卡拉尼女王本身亦是一名作家和作曲家，並留有不少名作。

[url] http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%95%99%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B [/url]

卡美哈梅哈一世

卡美哈梅哈一世（Kamehameha I，1758年－1819年），被尊称为卡美哈梅哈大帝，是夏威夷王国的开创者。他原是夏威夷岛的一个酋长，经过多年征战，于1810年统一了夏威夷群岛。

卡美哈梅哈的出生颇具神话色彩，据夏威夷当地历史记载，他是在彗星照临大地后出生的，因此生来就注定要统一夏威夷。据考证，哈雷彗星于1758年回归时，夏威夷全岛均可看见，而该年份又与卡美哈梅哈的年龄相符，因此可以推断他的出生年份当是1758年。

卡美哈梅哈在保持土著传统的前提下向西方学习，将其统治的夏威夷王国建设成为一个独立自主的国家，在几乎整个19世纪中成功抵抗了殖民主义者的进攻，因此他也被称为“太平洋的拿破仑”

[url] http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%8E%E5%93%88%E6%A2%85%E5%93%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 [/url]

People of Hawaii

Hawaii is believed to be the most culturally, ethnically and racially integrated state in the USA. It is also the most ethnically diverse place in the whole world. It is perhaps the only place in the whole world where there is no majority- each community is a minority here. According to the 2000 census, 20% of the Hawaiian population confirmed their multi-ethnic backgrounds- a figure that is lot higher than any other U.S. state. While a quarter of the population claims Hawaiian ancestry, the half of Hawaii’s population claims Asian ancestry in part. Another part of the population claims a Caucasian ancestry in part.

The Hawaiians feel that it is essentially the inherent Hawaiian characteristics that make this diversity of the population possible in the first place. On a practical scale, this ethnic diversity is a result of inter-ethnic marriages; around 45 percent of marriages taken place in Hawaii are inter-ethnic, giving birth to the multi ethnic families and children with mixed ethnicity. In addition to that, Hawaiian people live in heterogeneous neighborhoods and interact through several social networks and as a result the development of culturally isolated pockets is nearly impossible in Hawaii.

A brief demographic history of Hawaii
Throwing some light on the demographic history of Hawaii will help in properly understanding the multi-ethnic society that Hawaii is today.

When Captain James Cook set his feet in Hawaii back in 1778 there were an estimated population of 300,000 to 400,000 native Hawaiians who were known as the kanaka maoli.

The next centuries saw a steady decline in the native Hawaiian population. By the last half of the 19th century, the native Hawaiian population dropped by an alarming 80-90%. This drop in the population was due the local people’s lack of immunity toward the diseases imported by the people of the outside world. By 1878, the native population reached to a scanty 40,000 and 50,000 people. This drastically small native population still comprised over 75% of the total population of Hawaii at that point of time.

Today’s people of Hawaii
Following consistent drop in the pure Hawaiian population, today it is rare to find people with pure Hawaiian blood. You won’t find more than 8000 people that have pure Hawaiian blood. On the other hand, the size of the population having mixed Hawaiian ancestry is steadily rising. Today a 255,000 and 275,000 mixed Hawaiians live in Hawaii. This segment of the population is regarded as the native Hawaiians in 21st century Hawaii, though majority of them are believed to have less than 50% pure Hawaiian blood. According to 1990 US census, the native Hawaiians comprise 12.5% of the population.

Whichever part of Hawaii you move, you will come to see a genuine camaraderie among the people of different ethnic backgrounds. This co-existence of diversity and solidarity is the symbol of Hawaiian tolerance that dates back to the days of early settlers when this ancient island accepted the Christian missionaries with good natured warmth.

The best thing about Hawaiian multi ethnic population is that it teaches you how to rise above the historical racial hatred and share a warm relation in a new land. The Chinese, Japanese and Korean immigrants living in this island state make for a good example of this phenomenon.

Today the only place in Hawaii, where you can observe the Hawaiian people and their culture in their purest form is Niihau. To set your feet in this private island, either you need private invitation or you have to take a helicopter tour over this traditional Hawaiian village.

[url] http://www.hawaiitourtravel.com/hawaii_basics/people.php [/url]

人口/地理/语言/历史

2000年夏威夷州的常住人口为1,211,537人，流动人口1,334,023人，(包括游客)。(1980年和2000年的人口调查显示，夏威夷的人口增长了百分之二十五点六。

位在太平洋中央的夏威夷群岛，于地底火山脉之海面上共延伸了1523英里之长。由火山所形成之8个主要岛屿、124个小岛，于环绕在各岛附近的礁岩、尖塔所组合而成。其中有人群居住的岛分别为：Niihau岛（你好岛）、可爱岛、欧胡岛、摩洛凯岛、拉奈岛、茂宜岛、与夏威夷大岛（西到东）。至于位于茂宜岛西南方的第八个主要岛屿“Kahoollaweii”（卡胡拉威岛）则为无人岛。

夏威夷是充满异国情调的岛屿，而它仍然是美国50个州的一个州，英语是我们的官方语言。但我们多元化的种族特性使得你在亚洲，欧洲及南美洲都能听到我们的语言。

夏威夷语和英语是夏威夷的官方语言。悦耳的夏威夷语是波利尼西亚岛的方言。它只有13个字母：A,E,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,U,W以及（‘），（‘）其实是声门塞音通常在oh后缀后出现，为了在发音上加以区分，你经常可以在单词的拼写上发现，如夏威夷这一单词就含有这一发音。

大岛的历史介绍

夏威夷族裔的祖先于南端卡拉也（Ka Lae）登陆，在与西方世界开始接触的一千多年前，他们就发展出自己的文明。夏威夷也是一个来自世界各国商人与捕鲸业者汇集于此的繁忙海港。华人是最早一批移民到此地的其他族裔，紧接着是日本人、韩国人及波多黎各人，主要是制糖工业吸引他们来此工作。在大岛上的居民非常珍视他们的文化遗产，到处都可见不同族裔对自身文化的骄傲感，而这种感觉表现在食物、风俗习惯、建筑、语言、民俗、工艺品，及生活方式上。

夏威夷岛多种族裔、多种文化的居民为此地创造出令人着迷多重面貌之艺术、文化、食物、庆典及历史。夏威夷岛面积四千零二十八平方英里，比您想象的要来的大。它是由五个巨大的火山经历长期喷发所形成。大岛的面积大小是全夏威夷群岛其他岛屿加起来的两倍大。更具体而言，大岛是美国德拉威州近两倍的大小，三倍于美国东北部罗得岛（Rhode Island），也差不多是卢森堡的三倍大。

摩洛凯岛

摩洛凯岛是夏威夷群岛的第五大岛，岛上的最西端与欧胡岛仅有22海里之遥。全岛长38英里、宽10英里，拥有88英里长的天然海岸线，岛上任何一处距离海边都不会超过5英里。根据科学家的考证，摩洛凯岛形成年代超过两百万年，东、西两座火山的喷发活动造就了此岛中部地区富饶可耕的平原土地，岛上居民迄今仍受其惠。
岛上靠西侧是较为干燥的起伏山峦、沙丘、放牧农场、以及绵延3英里全夏威夷最长的白沙海滩。岛屿东边则是峭壁耸立的狭长谷地，不仅地上覆盖着绿茸茸的苔藓，也长满了清脆的羊齿植物，而全世界最高的海岸峭壁就在此直深入波涛汹涌的太平洋中。岛屿的中南部地区就比较潮湿，遍地可见清香宜人的松树及浓密的竹林。艳阳高挂的南部海岸则具有长达28英里的白沙海滩，与造型奇特的大堡礁，为此地的游人提供了全年无休的海上活动与遮蔽保护。

可爱岛历史背景介绍

可爱岛的第一批居民是在公元200年左右来到岛上的，比其他各岛的居民要早五百年左右。岛上的居民享受着平和的环境。至今仍遵守着此地社会规范，有时严格呆板，有时自由自在。不同世代的王室交替承继使地可爱岛富裕繁荣。伟大的航海家詹姆士船长（Captain James Cook）是在可爱岛登陆而发现夏威夷的西洋人，他在一七七八年于威美亚岸上登陆，自此永远改变了这个隐蔽之岛的生活方式。
高慕阿利伊国王在卡美哈美国王企图征伐各地以统一夏威夷各岛屿时，可爱岛是唯一个反抗而不愿被占领的岛屿，她也因此而闻名。可爱岛的高国王（King Kaumalii）最后终于让步，而在自己垂危之际决定死后才让可爱岛归依为卡美哈美哈国王的领土,所以这个岛屿直到1810年还是一个独立的王国。

茂宜岛的传说

在夏威夷传奇故事中，有一位名叫“茂宜”的传奇神社。“茂宜”长久以来就照顾着岛上的居民，他认为白天太短暂了，因为太阳瞬即飞逝，以至于人们无法完成工作和享受生活。所以“茂宜”躲在岛上最高的火山口，对太阳神使出激将法的圈套，要求太阳神答应以后在空中要缓慢驶过。一直到今天，太阳神仍然保守着这个承诺，而且把哈雷阿卡拉火山当作他的家。这个夏威夷的古老传说至今仍在茂宜这个神奇的岛屿流传着，而现在产生这些传奇神话的夏威夷古老文化，要比往昔更加的有活力与生命力。独木舟、呼啦舞、赞美诗及音乐般的夏威夷语言。在此您到处可见他们对茂宜的过去感到骄傲，也对未来充满着无限希望。您也可以从到处可见友善亲切的人们身上感受到。这里还有更多的事物在令人惊奇的大自然里、在海与天是如此和谐的美景里，以及芬芳的花卉及瀑布里，有些人叫他aloha，而有些人干脆就叫称之为“茂宜”。

[url] http://www.gohawaii.cn/basic/index.htm [/url]

此前还真不知道珍珠港事件时夏威夷还不是美国领土。日本人当时偷袭珍珠港是不是对夏
威夷这块土地有什么想法啊！

Lyman Museum & Mission House

The oldest wood-frame house on the island was built in 1839 by David and Sarah Lyman, a missionary couple who arrived from New England in 1832. This hybrid combined New England- and Hawaiian-style architecture and is built of hand-hewn koa planks and native timbers. Here the Lymans received such guests as Mark Twain and Hawaii's monarchs. The well-preserved house is the best example of missionary life and times in Hawaii. You'll find lots of artifacts from the 19th century, including furniture and clothing from the Lymans and one of the first mirrors in Hilo.

The Earth Heritage Gallery in the complex next door continues the story of the islands with geology and volcanology exhibits, a mineral rock collection that's rated one of the best in the country, and a section on local flora and fauna. The Island Heritage Gallery features displays on Hawaiian culture, including a replica of a grass hale (house), as well as on other cultures transplanted to Hawaii's shores. A special exhibit gallery features changing exhibits on the history, art, and culture of Hawaii.

[url] http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaiithebigisland/A21333.html [/url]

About Mauna Kea Observatories

Hawaii is Earth's connecting point to the rest of the Universe. The summit of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii hosts the world's largest astronomical observatory, with telescopes operated by astronomers from eleven countries. The combined light-gathering power of the telescopes on Mauna Kea is fifteen times greater than that of the Palomar telescope in California -- for many years the world's largest -- and sixty times greater than that of the Hubble Space Telescope.

The observatories
There are currently thirteen working telescopes near the summit of Mauna Kea. Nine of them are for optical and infrared astronomy, three of them are for submillimeter wavelength astronomy and one is for radio astronomy. They include the largest optical/infrared telescopes in the world (the Keck telescopes), the largestdedicated infrared telescope (UKIRT) and the largest submillimeter telescope in the world (the JCMT). The westernmost antenna of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is situated at a lower altitude two miles from the summit.

The geography of Mauna Kea

[color=Blue]Mauna Kea ("White Mountain") is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii, the largest and southernmost of the Hawaiian Islands. It is located about 300 km (190 miles) from Honolulu, which lies on the island of Oahu. The highest point in the Pacific Basin, and the highest island-mountain in the world, [/color]Mauna Kea rises 9,750 meters (32,000 ft) from the ocean floor to an altitude of 4,205 meters (13,796 ft) above sea level, which places its summit above 40 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. The broad volcanic landscape of the summit area is made up of cinder cones on a lava plateau. The lower slopes of Mauna Kea are popular for hunting, hiking, sightseeing, and bird watching in an environment that is less hostile than the barren summit area.

Why Mauna Kea is a unique site for astronomy

Mauna Kea is unique as an astronomical observing site. The atmosphere above the mountain is extremely dry -- which is important in measuring infrared and submillimeter radiation from celestial sources - and cloud-free, so that the proportion of clear nights is among the highest in the world. The exceptional stability of the atmosphere above Mauna Kea permits more detailed studies than are possible elsewhere, while its distance from city lights and a strong island-wide lighting ordinance ensure an extremely dark sky, allowing observation of the faintest galaxies that lie at the very edge of the observable Universe. A tropical inversion cloud layer about 600 meters (2,000 ft) thick, well below the summit, isolates the upper atmosphere from the lower moist maritime air and ensures that the summit skies are pure, dry, and free from atmospheric pollutants.
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[url] http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/about_maunakea.htm [/url]